The generational memory of the Iran-Iraq war is meant to be the memory shared by those whose collective experience of war has shaped their views in the same period of history. The fundamental fact of generational memory is that different generations interpret and remember past events in varied ways. Thus, the incident as effective as the Iran-Iraq war can act as a focal point in the reproduction of collective representations of the past, and in the present conditions of the society can configure the mentality of the generation around the understanding and commonsense of war. For a conceptualization of generational memory of war, after an overview of individualistic and collectivist models of collective memory and the expression of deficiency in their methodological strategies, a new model of cognitive sociology was used to examine the mechanisms of generational memory's production. In this model, collective memory as a knowledge structures and in the form of memory schemata which exists at a supra-individual level of social life, is cognitive by-product of the social interaction of culturally related individuals with each other among cultural objects. The dominant methodology of research has been qualitative method, the technique of deep and semi-structured interview has been used for data collection, and the method of thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The application of the analysis method allowed us to obtain a typology of common knowledge structures that individuals in each group generation can use to understand the meaning of events and phenomena associated with warfare. These common knowledge structures, as generational memory schemata of the war indicate that how two generations with autobiographical and historical memories of war represent the Iran-Iraq war.

There are two approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

This study aims to explore the collective memory of generations of the Iran-Iraq war as a social fact in the contemporary Iranian society. Generation, as a social framework, affects a variety of people’ s memories of the event of war. Therefore, to conceptualize the collective memory of war we studied the possible configurations of war among different age groups. In this regard, we based the study on theoretical concept of collective memory and raised questions about the essence and construction of collective memory of generations of war. To answer these questions, by adopting a qualitative method, 38 people were interviewed through deep and semi-structured interviews by means of purposeful and theoretical sampling. Collected data were analyzed by the method of thematic coding in the background of grounded theory research. The results of the analysis show that there are different configurations of the collective memory of war among different generations. In addition to the historical context of each generation, the encounters of individuals and groups with the hegemonic order and dominant ideology in society are contribute to the formation of these collective memories.

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a memory alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working memory test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical memory interview to indicate whether working memory capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict memory specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and memory specificity.  Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of memory specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working memory capacity can predict memory specificity (r=0.216, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in memory impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working memory capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict memory specificity. Therefore, memory capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).

Objectives: of the aim of the present research was studying the ability of retrieval specific memory materials from autobiographical memory among PTSD veteran's young children. Method: 131 high school students in three groups: (PTSD veteran young children n=31) as a target group and (young children of veterans without PTSD n=50), and (young children of healthy person n=50) as comparison groups. They were matched by the age, gender and academic performance. Research instruments, were: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Data analysis has been done by the method of descriptive statistics method, one way Analysis Of Variance, Scheffe Follow-up Test. Results: PTSD veteran's children have lower performance in autobiographical memory task than the healthy person's children. In other words PTSD veteran's children have lower ability for retrieving specific autobiographical memory materials from memory and retrieve less specific memories from memory. The research also indicates that the state of depression and anxiety in PTSD veteran's children is higher than healthy person's children, while in these 2 components (autobiographical memory, and anxiety) between PTSD veteran's children and Non-PTSD veteran's children there was no significant differences but in the depression component there was a significant difference between them. Conclusion: Levels of anxiety in Non-PTSD veteran's children are lower than healthy person's children, but there are no significant differences between them in depression.

The purpose of this study is to survey the ability of retrieving specific memory materials from autobiographical memory among PTSD veterans' young children.Method: The sample contains 131 high school students in 3 groups: PTSD veterans' young children (n=31) as the target group, young children of veterans without PTSD (n=50), and young children of healthy persons (n=50), as comparison groups. Participants in all three groups are approximately matched in age, gender and academic achievement. Research instruments included: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Data analysis is done by the method of descriptive statistics, One Way Analysis of Variance, and Scheffe Fallow-up Test.Results: The results in dicate that PTSD veterans' children have lower performance in autobiographical memory task than healthy persons' children. In other words, PTSD veterans' children have lower ability for retrieving specific autobiographical memory materials from memory and retrieve less specific memories from memory. The research also indicates that the state of depression and anxiety in PTSD veterans' children is higher than healthy persons' children, while in these two components (autobiographical memory and anxiety) there are no significant differences between PTSD veterans' children and non-PTSD veterans' children. However, in the depression component there is a significant difference between them.Conclusion: research findings have shown that levels of anxiety in non-PTSD veterans' children were lower than healthy persons' children, but there was no significant difference between them in depression.

Aim: The aim of this research was the cloning and sequencing of gamma tocopherol methyl transferase gene ( g-tmt) from Memory 1 cv and transferring it into an oilseed plant such as canola, in the future studies for improving its nutritional value.Material and Methods: Total RNA was extracted from tomato fruit and cDNA constructed. By using specific primers the g-tmt gene was amplified by PCR reaction and a 1089 bp fragment was produced. The amplified fragment and the pBluescript (SK-) vector were digested by XbaI. The ligation reaction was carried out by T4 ligase. E. coli competent cells were transformed by the resulting vector and recombinant colonies were identified using the white-blue screening assay.Results: The nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined and aligned with the available sequences recorded in the NCBI data bank. This sequence showed 98% similarity with the other recorded g-tmts from Solanaceae family. Some changes in nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acids were observed. The secondary and tertiary structures of the protein were predicted, using PSIpred software. A phylogenetic tree was also constructed for the protein product of the gene, using ClustalW.Conclusion: The cloned cDNA of g-tmt showed 98 % similarity with the recorded sequence from tomato cv Cerasiforme. Upon transfer of this gene into an oil seed plant such as canola, one can increase both its nutritional value and resistance to environmental stresses.

Introduction: This study examined the relationship between the ability to retrieval of semantic autobiographical memory in PTSD adults.Method: The samples of this study selected from a group of PTSD of war as experimental and two control groups with and without PTSD and matched by Age and IQ. They completed the IES-R, BDI, BAI and WAIS-R and followed by AMI.Results: Findings showed that PTSD samples were able to retrieval fewer specific semantic autobiographical memory in comparison to the control groups. The more symptomatic survivors showed the greatest memory impairment.Conclusion: The data from this study is discussed in terms of compromised access to specific autobiographical material in distressed trauma survivors reflecting a process of affect regulation. Also, decreases in specificity of traumatic memories were associated with higher post traumatic stress & more deficits in memory. The results showed that the amount of defects with these specific PTSD symptoms has a direct relation.